A paired learner-based approach for concept drift detection and adaptation in software defect prediction

The early and accurate prediction of defects helps in testing software and therefore leads to an overall higher-quality product. Due to drift in software defect data, prediction model performances may degrade over time. Very few earlier works have investigated the significance of concept drift (CD) in software-defect prediction (SDP). Their results have shown that CD is present in software defect data and tha it has a significant impact on the performance of defect prediction. Motivated from this observation, this paper presents a paired learner-based drift detection and adaptation approach in SDP that dynamically adapts the varying concepts by updating one of the learners in pair. For a given defect dataset, a subset of data modules is analyzed at a time by both learners based on their learning experience from the past. A difference in accuracies of the two is used to detect drift in the data. We perform an evaluation of the presented study using defect datasets collected from the SEACraft and PROMISE data repositories. The experimentation results show that the presented approach successfully detects the concept drift points and performs better compared to existing methods, as is evident from the comparative analysis performed using various performance parameters such as number of drift points, ROC-AUC score, accuracy, and statistical analysis using Wilcoxon signed rank test. Keywords: concept drift; naive Bayes; random forest; software defect prediction; software quality assurance.publishedVersio

A cross-sectional study to evaluate the effect of subjective sleep quality on autonomic functions in different age groups of adults

Background: Poor sleep quality adversely affects the person’s homeostasis via combination of impairments to multiple physiological-mechanisms. Autonomic functions are important for different aspects of health and disease. Objective of study was to analyze the impact of subjective sleep quality on autonomic functions in different age groups of adults.Methods: A total of 375 apparently healthy adults from community were randomly selected for this cross-sectional observational study. They were divided into three groups based on the age distributions: Group 1: 18-30 years (n = 146); Group 2: 31-45 years (n = 112); and Group 3: 46-60 years (n = 117). Following assessments were done in all the participants in three groups: Anthropometric measurements, Pittsburgh Sleep-quality Index (PSQI), Electrocardiography (ECG), Autonomic functions based on frequency domain heart rate variability (HRV).  Two-way analysis of variance followed by post hoc analysis was done for intergroup comparisons of all assessment characteristics. Spearman’s correlation was done to find the correlation coefficients between PSQI scoring and all other parameters mentioned above.Results: BMI, GPSQIS, SSQS, SDS and SMS were observed more in group2 and 3 as compared to group1, whereas SD and SE were more in group1 as compared to group 2 and 3. HF, Total Power and RR were more in group 1 as compared to group 3, whereas VLF and HR were less in group 1 as compared to group 3. LF/HF ratio and HR were more in group 3 as compared to group 2, whereas HF was more in group 2 as compared to group 3. There was statistically significant negative correlation between GPSQI and Total power, SMS and HF, SIT and HF, SD and LF/HF ratio, whereas statistically significant positive correlation between SMS and LF, SMS and LF/HF ratio, SIT and LF, SIT and LF/HF ratio, SD and total power as well as SE and total power.Conclusions: Ageing in adults affects the sleep-quality, reduces the sleep duration and decreases the sleep efficiency; these contribute to autonomic dysfunction as increased sympathetic activity and decreased parasympathetic activity in older adults as compared to younger adults

Socio-economic upliftment of farmers through model irrigated village approach in East Champaran (Bihar), India: A case study

In India, the precious freshwater resources are becoming scarcer due to the climate change effect coupled with their inappropriate planning and management at the field level. Development of water resources and sensitization of farming community/irrigators towards effective utilization of these resources is need of the hour and it is one of the most important factors in conservation and preservation water resources for future requirements. This case study has highlighted the direct and indirect benefits derived by implementation of National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) scheme in Nawada, a village of the district East Champaran in Bihar state initiated by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Piprakothi, East Champaran under Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar. Two groups of farmers of the village was chosen to evaluate the benefits derived from this scheme. Under this scheme, tube-wells were developed to facilitate assured irrigation. This study revealed that the total savings of approximate Rs.10,000 ($140) per hectare to irrigate wheat crop three times in Rabi season was achieved over conventional irrigation system. This scheme has also resulted in other intangible benefits which included a reduction in pollution, an increase in the number of crops- rabi , kharif and zaid  seasons and adequate time to carryout out other farm operations

A Paired Learner-Based Approach for Concept Drift Detection and Adaptation in Software Defect Prediction

The early and accurate prediction of defects helps in testing software and therefore leads to an overall higher-quality product. Due to drift in software defect data, prediction model performances may degrade over time. Very few earlier works have investigated the significance of concept drift (CD) in software-defect prediction (SDP). Their results have shown that CD is present in software defect data and tha it has a significant impact on the performance of defect prediction. Motivated from this observation, this paper presents a paired learner-based drift detection and adaptation approach in SDP that dynamically adapts the varying concepts by updating one of the learners in pair. For a given defect dataset, a subset of data modules is analyzed at a time by both learners based on their learning experience from the past. A difference in accuracies of the two is used to detect drift in the data. We perform an evaluation of the presented study using defect datasets collected from the SEACraft and PROMISE data repositories. The experimentation results show that the presented approach successfully detects the concept drift points and performs better compared to existing methods, as is evident from the comparative analysis performed using various performance parameters such as number of drift points, ROC-AUC score, accuracy, and statistical analysis using Wilcoxon signed rank test

Multiplex PCR assay for the detection of Lr24 and Lr68 in salt tolerant wheat genotypes

In this study, we developed and optimized a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for simultaneous detection of two important leaf rust resistance genes Lr24 and Lr68. Seedling resistance gene Lr24 and slow rusting gene Lr68 encoding resistance to leaf rust were identified in forty-one advanced salt-tolerant wheat genotypes using molecular markers viz. Sr24#50 and csGS, respectively. For re-validation of PCR reaction results, a seedling resistance test (SRT) was performed in controlled glasshouse conditions. Genotypes were evaluated under epiphytotic conditions for SRT by artificial inoculation with a spectrum of Puccinia triticina pathotypes. Results of SRT were supplemented by PCR results, indicated that the gene Lr24/Sr24 conferred leaf rust resistance in two wheat genotypes namely HD 2851 and KRL2029. In advanced line KRL2029, along with Lr24/Sr24 other rust resistance genes (Lr26/Sr31/ Yr9) were also present. Molecular marker csGS for a known slow rusting gene Lr68 was amplified in fifteen salt-tolerant wheat genotypes indicated the presence of Lr68 in these lines. These lines could also be utilized as donors for slow rusting characteristics. Combination of both the genes could provide resistance to leaf rust and stem rust. Presences of respective genes in salt-tolerant lines were confirmed by SRT as well as molecular markers separately and multiplex PCR assay was designed. Multiplex PCR method allowed to reduce the cost and time of analyses as well as reducing the workload

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Not AvailableRice–wheat rotation is the most important cropping system of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and is responsible for the food security of the region. The effect of different integrated nutrient management practices on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and its fractions, SOC sequestration potential as well as the sustainability of the rice–wheat system were evaluated in long term experiments at different agroclimatic zones of IGP. Application of NPK either through inorganic fertilizers or through combination of inorganic fertilizer and organics such as farm yard manure (FYM) or crop residue or green manure improved the SOC, particulate organic carbon (POC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) concentration and their sequestration rate. Application of 50% NPK + 50% N through FYM in rice and 100% NPK in wheat, sequestered 0.39, 0.50, 0.51 and 0.62 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 over control (no N–P–K fertilizers or organics), respectively at Ludhiana, Kanpur, Sabour and Kalyani using the mass of SOC in the control treatment as reference point. Soil carbon sequestration with response to application of fertilizer partially substituted (50% on N basis) with organics were higher in Kalyani and Sabour lying in humid climate than Ludhiana and Kanpur lying in semiarid climate. The rice yield recorded a significant declining trend in Ludhiana and Kanpur where as the yield trend was stable at Sabour and Kalyani under unfertilized control. The system productivity in N–P–K fertilized plots and NPK along with organics showed either an increasing trend or remained stable at all locations during last two and half decades of the experiment.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableWidespread nutrient deficiencies have emerged as the major soil-related constraints, with sulfur (S) being one among them, for sustaining rice–wheat productivity in many parts of the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and the Western Himalayan region (WHR). Therefore, soils from different agricultural development blocks (ADBs) of Meerut and Jyotiba Phule Nagar (J.P. Nagar) Districts in the Upper Gangetic Plain (UGP) zone, Sonipat, and Panipat Districts in Trans- Gangetic Plain (TGP) zone, and New Tehri District in Garhwal zone of WHR were analyzed for their available S-status. Farmers’ fertilizer management practices revealed that fertilizer use was highly unbalanced, and use of S fertilizers was generally negligible. Deficiencies of S were noticed in 19–47 % of the soil samples. On-farm experiments at these sites showed that rice (Oryza sativa L.) yields improved by 0.84–1.90 t ha-1 with the additions of 30–45 kg S ha-1 on S-deficient soils of IGPs, whereas the crop response varied from 1.16 to 1.39 t ha-1 on WHR soils. Also, the residual effect of 30–45 kg S ha-1 was noticed in succeeding wheat (Trititicum aestivum L.). Averaged over S rates, 37–49 % of the applied S was recovered in the system at different locations. Skipping S application decreased the available S content of the soils (0.6–2.4 mg kg-1) compared with initial content. Substantial yield gain and economic returns due to the use of S suggested for inclusion of S in the fertilizer schedules for these soils.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableWidespread nutrient deficiencies have emerged as the major soil-related constraints, with sulfur (S) being one among them, for sustaining rice–wheat productivity in many parts of the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and the Western Himalayan region (WHR). Therefore, soils from different agricultural development blocks (ADBs) of Meerut and Jyotiba Phule Nagar (J.P. Nagar) Districts in the Upper Gangetic Plain (UGP) zone, Sonipat, and Panipat Districts in Trans- Gangetic Plain (TGP) zone, and New Tehri District in Garhwal zone of WHR were analyzed for their available S-status. Farmers’ fertilizer management practices revealed that fertilizer use was highly unbalanced, and use of S fertilizers was generally negligible. Deficiencies of S were noticed in 19–47 % of the soil samples. On-farm experiments at these sites showed that rice (Oryza sativa L.) yields improved by 0.84–1.90 t ha-1 with the additions of 30–45 kg S ha-1 on S-deficient soils of IGPs, whereas the crop response varied from 1.16 to 1.39 t ha-1 on WHR soils. Also, the residual effect of 30–45 kg S ha-1 was noticed in succeeding wheat (Trititicum aestivum L.). Averaged over S rates, 37–49 % of the applied S was recovered in the system at different locations. Skipping S application decreased the available S content of the soils (0.6–2.4 mg kg-1) compared with initial content. Substantial yield gain and economic returns due to the use of S suggested for inclusion of S in the fertilizer schedules for these soils.Not Availabl